(a)“Aid to navigation” means the same as “navigational aid” or “facility (navigational)” as used in UNCLOS Articles 21(1)(b) and 43(a), and means a device, exte

“Ship” [and] “vessel” have the same, interchangeable meaning in the English language version of the 1982 LOS Convention. “Ship” is defined as a vessel of any ty

The flag State jurisdiction is exercised on the basis of the nationality of a ship. Thus, the nationality of a ship is of central importance in order to establi

Principle of the Exclusive Jurisdiction of the Flag State in the law of the sea and customary international law, 1952 Brussels Convention for the Unification of

The Right of Innocent Passage of Foreign Nuclear-Powered Ships and Ships Carrying Inherently Dangerous or Noxious Substances, Article 23 of the LOSC, Conventio

The Right of Innocent Passage of Warships in the law of the sea ( convention, practice and customary international law), Article 17 of the LOSC, Article 20 of

The right of innocent passage through the territorial sea is based on the freedom of navigation as an essential means to accomplish freedom of trade. In his boo

international law of the sea and Ships in Distress at Sea, Article 195 of the LOSC, jus cogens, M/V Toledo judgment, opinio juris, Rights of Ships in Distress,